Tuesday, 11 August 2026

The Festival of Music 2026 Fleadh Cheoil na h-Éireann

Intorduction

The biggest cultural event ever to have been staged in Belfast opened its doors to the public for its first time here on Saturday 1 August 2026.  A week-long festival of Irish music that took 9 days to complete.  A unique event.  And one that I'd never attended before anywhere .

With scores of gigs taking place across the city, the Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann (translated it means Festival of Ireland's Music) has presented a welcoming and enthusiastic image of Belfast to visitors and locals alike.  To use an organic metaphor, Belfast City Council with assistance from countless volunteers pulled out all of the musical and other stops to present the best show possible.

The aim of this piece is to reflect on a small sample of the extensive range on offer.

Sat 1 Aug Heart of the City

A "special evening of music song and words" took place on the eve of the series in a "sold-out" Ulster Hall.  Under the title "Croí na Cathrach" (meaning heart of the city), hosted by the Lord Mayor Róis-Máire Donnelly, curated by composer Neil Martin and presented by broadcaster Lynette Fay, the line-up included celebrity names with 

  • poetry and literature readings from actors Stephen Rea and Ciarán Hinds; 
  • and musical performances 
by the Field Marshall Montgomery Pipe Band, 

by the 1st Old Boys Brass Band,

by the vocalist Roisín Chambers, 
by Séanna Davey (playing the introductory music of 2026 Fleadh on an elaborate harp),

 
and not least by Hothouse Flowers epic lead singer, Liam Ó'Maonlaí. 


All of these performers came together as one with an assembled team of in-house and visiting musicians in the grandest imaginable finalé to lift the roof off the Ulster Hall.  It featured the best rendition of a personal favourite song, "The Minstrel Boy," that I've ever heard.  This was not least because of its accompaniment by the Hall's deeply resonant tones on the magnificent Mulholland Organ.  

Together the impact was an opening example of collaboration featuring an impressive array of brass, pipers, drums, fiddles and harps. Its scale and volume guaranteed a standing ovation and a rousing start to the 2026 Fleadh Cheoil.  What a rambustious introductory statement.

Benefits of the Fleadh

The opening Croí na Cathrach concert's significant intent related to what policy-makers sometimes refer to as "social inclusion."  This phrase became a repeated theme in subsequent Fleadh events.  As a result, the community benefits to be delivered by the 2026 Fleadh could be substantial.  

They include the first appearance of the Fleadh to Belfast, celebrating Irish traditional music here on the organisation's 75th anniversary (which is in turn somewhat reminiscent of the Mayo football team's recent similar wait for the big trophy), gains from attracting a projected 800,000 visitors to the city, and postive boosts to community relations and to the city's image by the welcome inclusion of traditional Ulster-Scots music and dancers along with those of immigrant communities.

The guide brochure (1) listed something approaching 300 events, mostly concerts, recitals, choral events in the festival.  Established as well as some new venues, concert halls, museums, libraries, hotels, galleries, churches etc all hosted live performances.  In addition, a "Gig Rig" (outdoor stage) was erected in front of the City Hall.  Impossible to miss it.  Many or perhaps most events had no admission charge.

Sun 2nd The Galway Girl

One such (unexpectedly) free event that I attended was a gig by the much-admired headline artist and Galway Girl (as composed in song by Canada's Steve Earle and recorded by him with her), Sharon Shannon.  She is noted particularly for her spell-binding expertise on the button accordian.  In this show she was joined on the Gig Rig by her 4-piece support "big band."  

Sharon Shannon headlines Fleadh 26 at City Hall on opening night

My preference would be hearing her perform with other trad musicians.  On this occasion, my impression (rightly or wrongly) was that her natural expertise was dominated by the background male musicians, expert and all as they are.  However to hear a session of over 90 minutes at no cost from an established star of trad in Ireland was a huge introductory treat and well worth it. 

Mon 3rd Neuroscience

Next day I attended a so-called fringe event listed with an intriguing title.  Under the banner of a Northern Ireland Science Festival event (as well as the auspices of the Fleadh) "The Neuroscience of the Harper's Brain" sounded too novel an act to miss.  Harpist Ursula Burns was accompanied on the stage of the intimate Black Box by university neuroscientist Niamh Kennedy, with the latter wiring the musician for brain scans as Ursula played her very own magic music.  

The scientific purpose was to demonstrate the positive benefits that musicians' brains derive from continuous practice over time.  We the audience witnessed a feast of musical excellence with Ursula demonstrating flawless abilities, even playing a harp and piano simultaneously, and also singing as a perfect soprano.  

A brilliant science lecture coupled with fab music.  Only at Belfast Fleadh 2026.

City vibes

A by-product of this festival, which hit me early on, demands special mention.  As I cycled to the harpist's gig (an easy decision given traffic restrictions providing greater priority and safety for pedestrians in the city centre) it suddenly struck me that I’d never felt such a beautiful atmosphere in Belfast. Neither had I ever encountered more people, both locals and visitors from just about everywhere on earth converging in "downtown" Belfast.  And this was just the first days of the Fleadh. 

The sensation of well-being was repeated (and expanded) on subsequent visits to our crowded and increasingly happy city centre, both by day and in late evening.  A  regular daily occurrence, in fact.

This is such a change for our place, a peaceful aspect of everyday living, hopefully set to become something permanent.  To me it has been reminiscent of how Scotland's capital city similarly transforms around the arts and culture when the Edinburgh Festival gets going every August.

Tues 4th Ómós na nUltach

The next evening I was back in the Ulster Hall for a highly recommended concert (the title translates as Tribute to the Ulstermen) performed by The Ulster Trad Folk Orchestra.  Again the hall was packed and full of anticipation.  A sense of management's attention to organisation was immediately clear from the forensic details both of the repertoire and also in biographies about the 32 musicians provided in the free programme (2).  Every Ulster county (and some others) was represented by the players.  A festival highlight.

The Ulster Trad Folk Orchestra, conductor & Composer Michael Rooney

Wed 5th Bursary winners

An opportunity to sample the emerging Belfast talent of the future came next afternoon in a different venue.  A disparate group of seven musicians, previous winners of the prestigious TG4 (the Irish language television station) Gradam bursary awards, played on a stage in the Ulster Museum.  A steward informed me that they had never played before together as a group.

The New Generation - Gradam Ceoil Bursary Concert

Multi-tasking seems like a shared skill.  Some sang as well as played trad music, some demonstrated skill and ability with more than one instrument.  In addition to explaining how the bursary encouraged their progress in beginning musical careers, one winner recounted her reinvesting of the award in encouraging children living in deprived areas to play music.  How humbling is that type of account. 

Ebb and Flow

That same Wednesday at night, I attended a BBC concert in the packed Ulster Hall, where the Ulster Orchestra's 90-minute concert was broadcast live (3) to the nation, or more accurately to the region.  

The Orchestra's own PR described the event as "very special" it being part of Belfast's hosting of the Fleadh "for the very first time."  It's tempting to add that the first appearance of the Fleadh in Belfast is the biggest boost to cultural life in Belfast since the formation of the Ulster Orchestra itself 60 years ago this year.

Ebb and Flow featured a broad range of established trad music talent, with the orchestra performing additional Irish trad music classics.  Tonight's concert artists included professional trad musicians including Úna Monaghan,

Úna Monaghan harp with the UlsterOrchestra

as well as Dónal O'Connor with Duke Special and John McSherry, Ryan Vail with Elma Orkestra, Michael Keeney, Gráinne Holland, the Belfast Bands Forum and Ards Comhaltas. 

Ards CCE musicians with the UlsterOrchestra

Concert presenters Neil Martin and Caoimhe NíChathail made special mention of the Bands Forum, the announcement being enthusiastically reciprocated by a houseful of appreciative vocal support.  Another fine advertisement for the Fleadh and for community inclusion.  Maurice Brown, director of the Bands Forum, had received the Comhaltas Bardic Award (4) for his important contribution to the preservation and promotion of traditional music and culture.
 
Belfast Bands Forum with Ulster Orchestra

This exciting development in Fleadh participation was underlined a day later in a BBC news report (5).   It cited references to the breaking down of "negative stereotypes around the loyalist community..." made by Darren Leighton the Bands Forum chairman, and by the drummer Jonathan Walker about the common bond and the "need to embrace all cultures."  Consequently, the Forum musicians were impeccably well-prepared for their All-Ireland Fleadh debut in front of 2,000+ people on the Titanic Slipways on Thursday 6 August. 

Thurs 6th The Half Room

A change of venue to the MAC where a new (to me) and haunting 4-piece ensemble of vocalists, Half Room, performed.  The female duo of Pauline Scanlon from Dingle and Nicola Joyce from Galway, would win my prize for the most beautiful close harmonies I experienced at the entire Fleadh - or heard anywhere, for that matter, in many years.  Like a feminine Simon and Garfunkle. They also appear as The Whileways (6) on occasions.

To quote the brochure, "Half Room encapsulates folk music in its rawest form ensuring that the spotlight remains firmly on the song and the singer."  The quartet received ample support from Cobh-born Maria Byrne's skilled blending in an audience warm-up, singing Irish folk and contemporary accoustic music.  Pleasing contrasts and variety all round.

Fri 7th Fleadh Cabaret followed by Lúnasa

I was drawn to a new (to me) venue for a Friday fringe event, called a Cabaret, at Shaftesbury Bowling Club in Annadale Avenue.  On arrival, I was greeted by a frantically gesticulating person with vaguely familiar face, a club member, it transpired, whom I knew from work about two or more decades previously.  Pleasant encounters like these only seem to happen at festivals.

The cabaret accomodated acts performing "a celebration of words song and community spirit (6)."  The opening played to a national strength of literature, with a local (unnamed, sadly) poet's expertise in the humorous use of alliteration shining brightly.  

He was followed by a Galway-based male and female vocalist pairing (Eoghan Ó'Ceannabháin and Niamh Keady-Tabbal), his expertise being the trad or "seán-nós" (old style) of singing; hers being the singing of hauntingly plaintiff songs in her native Lebanese language.  More social inclusion boxes ticked; and stimulating because of the poetic quality in both performances. 

Eoghan Ó'Ceannabháin and Niamh Keady-Tabbal

It was an easy "trip" to the next planned event that evening, back in the city centre.  Because GigRig events were running behind schedule, I was able to watch the last few numbers performed by the excellent 6-piece Scottish group, Trip.  One of the group's musicians mentioned that she is from the Isle of Man, going on to introduce some Manx Gaelic words into her short speech.  These were immediately familiar since Scots, Irish and Manx Gaelic are sister languages in Q-set of Celtic languages (the P sisterly grouping being Welsh, Cornish and Breton).  This provided an instant connection for Trip with the audience. 

Lúnasa (performing in the month that is their stage-name) is an accomplished 5-piece Irish group who play trad music in a mesmeric contemporary manner - not unlike rock musicians.  Given earlier scheduling delays, the gig finished after midnight.  Every tune and all of Lúnasa's musicianship were of the highest order.  

I hadn't realised beforehand that two of its five musical geniuses are from Northern Ireland - uileann piper Cian Vallelly is from Armagh, and double bass player Trevor Hutchinson is a Cookstown man.  An outstanding musical gig, in my opinion. 

Lúnasa at the GigRig


Sat 8th Crowds, spontaneous gigs, and more

The continuation of mostly sunny conditions provided the ideal start to Saturday.  So, instead of heading straight to an event, this was the perfect opportunity to wander around the city centre first thing.  An already crowded place felt like it was heaving while simultaneously emitting a happy vibe - in contrast to pre-Fleadh times. 

Looking towards City Hall from Royal Avenue

Enhancing the feeling of community well-being and spontaneity, a range of primarily young musicians and dancers took to the pavements to perform.

A Singaporean CCE harpist



















In the early Saturday afternoon, I attended a nearby fringe event.  The Four Corners Flute Orchestra performed outside the 2 Royal Avenue venue (a former Tesco store & brfore that it was a Belfast Bank).  Four Corners played a range of classic slow traditional Irish airs in a classical style.  Beautifully relaxing flute music, expertly conducted.

The Four Corners Flute Orchestra, 2 Royal Avenue

In or after 10 pm that night I attended a Céilí event at the GigRig .  A lively 9 piece Connacht-style band, who happened to be the 2025 all-Ireland Fleadh céilí band champions performed their hearts out.  Under the name of Glór na d'Tonn (meaning the sound of the waves), they played up-tempo trad tunes.  They had the help of a ship-shape lady, a beautiful Irish dancer in perfect tune with the rhythmical music.

Glór na dTonn céilí band

Earlier the band had presented the set dancing skills of a whirlwind 8-person ensemble, for whom the music was played at a seemingly impossible racing pace, but the dancers and musicians worked it flawlessly and in harmony (again I have videos as proof).  


For good measure the Glór na dTonn's pianist Kathryn Tiernan won the prize for best Seán-Nós (old style) singer at this year's Fleadh competition. What a collection of trad talent.

Sunday 9th - the final day

To see out the Fleadh, the priority was to fit in a cross-section of events on the GigRig stage.  

The first one was the much anticipated appearance of the Shankill Road Defenders Flute Band.  Having watched several other flute ensembles over the course of the week, perhaps this one would stand out.  Putting in a brave performance on a rare rainey afternoon, the Belfast troupe played in their normal rhythms, as those of a marching band.. All of this while seated, but nontheless highly effective over a shortish 25 minute set.  The repertoire, pleasingly, consisted of Irish traditional tunes, such as the Star of the County Down. The bandsmen and lively leader got a solid reception from the audience. 

Shankill Road Defenders Flute Band

Next on stage was a Céilí band all the way from Portlaois CCE.  They reproduced a wide range of traditional repertoire in the largely familiar sound typical of a top quality Céilí band.  

Portlaoise Comhaltas

The next live performance came from Celtic Roots.  A search describes it as "a recurring trad music project, ensemble name and festival act."  My observations noted the contemporary Irish dancing skills as well as the fine musicianship.  Reminiscent perhaps of Riverdance styling and techniques.
Perhaps photographs describe Celtic Roots better.
 
Celtic Roots

















After a break, I returned in time to witness Campbell College Bugles Pipes and Drums.  This band is apparently the only one of its kind in any Northern Ireland school and one that was founded over 110 years ago.  Its musicians, (I counted about 16) are all young, aged between 13 and 18.  

What a fantastic sight and sound (I have a two videos to prove the point), and imposing stage presence. 

Campbell College Bugles Pipes and Drums

Another highlight of the Fleadh and of giving stage space to three musical experts was the appearance of the classically-trained fiddler Zoe Conway alongside her husband John McIntyre and master uileann piper Louise Mulcahy.  The musical trio were accompanied by the serene dancer Edwina Guckian.

Zoe Conway, John McIntyre, Louise Mulcahy, Edwina Guckian

Before heading off home for a good night's sleep, around midnight there was a special appearance - the 2026 winners of the All Ireland Fleadh Cheoil award for best Céilí band. The new champions are County Sligo's Lissadell Céilí Band.  What a storming finish they provided. 

An Irish dancing troupe performed in front of a hugely appreciative late night audience.  Replicating the opening concert they finished by including extra dancers from Scotland and from India.  And all dancing to the same tune.  
This Fleadh has improved my understanding of what social inclusion means.


The lessons are clear.  Everybody speaks about the fantastic vibe produced by the Fleadh in Belfast, the festival has presented a vast number of superb events, visitors (many for the first time) have praised the welcomes received from locals here and will return, community relations have been improved, and no trouble or unpleasantness has been reported.

Our thanks and congratulations - comhghairdeas ó chroí - go to Belfast City Council, Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann, the volunteers, public authorities, funders and emergency services who have all stepped up to make Belfast a happy place - and to the general public who have responded in droves.


© Michael McSorley 2026

References

1. Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann Belfast 2026. What's on guide. Belfast City Council & Comhaltas
2. "Ómós na nUltach" Michael Rooney the Ulster Trad Folk Orchestra & Friends 4 Aug 2026 Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann 75 
3. BBC iPlayer Radio Ulster Ebb & Flow  https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m002zrvr?partner=uk.co.bbc&origin=share-mobile
4. RTE Radio 1 News 5 Aug 2026 "Uniting communities in Belfast through music"   https://share.google/6PT8UZDw1JyH5oqAT
5. BBC News 6 Aug 2026 Catherine Morrison "New Territory" as marching band musicians prepare for the Fleadh   https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ckg698w39e8o
6.  https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/the-whileaways-tickets-1992419253622?utm_experiment=test_share_listing&aff=ebdsshios&sg=a14ba059c360a53d5cb3ad3538660a290a8420c03b1cbec0851e124e186e90ffaba47355c77dfc0a32935aecbdae4da604cd47eda223f7eb58b8bf360faa076711eed6016696bbe0d560b6a625fd
7. City Wide Fleadh Fringe 17 July-23 August '26  Take the first step Comhaltas Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann Belfast 2026

Friday, 28 March 2025

Shostakovich - a Russian survivor and genius

Prologue

The rise of confrontation and disruption in America's public policy worries many people.  Thinking positively, it comes across as a "wake-up call" to the inherent dangers of ignoring the lessons of our shared history.  

What message, for instance, does the new "leader of the free world" send in signing hostile orders imposing widespread tariffs which threaten international free trade?   And how can that same leader also justify aping Russia's annexation of Ukrainian regions with threats to annex Greenland, Canada - and even Gaza while forcibly expelling its population for the benefit of resort tourism?  

It's almost as if the conflicts in eastern Europe and the Middle East weren't challenging and bellicose enough for us all to be getting on with.  Have the horrors of twentieth century history been forgotten?

Let's remind ourselves of some of those bad old days when Fascism and Communism tried to suppress and regularly did obliterate daily life.  The following example centres of the musical response of a creative Russian genius - who managed to survive all manner of opprobrium and censure from Russian purges, Nazi invaders, and some in the western media. 

Career overview

Looking back 100 or so years, for example, Dimitri Shostakovich has been described as one of the era’s great musical composers.  Who could argue with that proposition given the quality and quantity of his output, never mind Russia’s political and military context? 

As if to emphasise the point, BBC music magazine is fulsome, recently (1) declaring him as “a towering figure in the story of 20th-century classical music”... “one of the most significant Russian composers of the Soviet era.”

Born in St Petersburg in September 1906 and having begun composing music with a scherzo in F minor in 1919, ending with a viola sonata before his passing in August 1975, Shostakovich produced a prolific body of work covering more than half the years of twentieth century.  His compositions included 15 symphonies, 15 string quartets, 2 cello concertos, 2 violin concertos, operas, songs and song cycles, as well as scores for 33 films, 14 plays, and 9 operas and ballets (2).  

This record of achievement is all the more remarkable, especially considering the censorious (and life-threatening) glare of an authoritarian régime.

Overview of Soviet attitudes to his compositions

After graduating from St Petersburg Conservatory as a pianist and composer, his First Symphony won the teenager immediate favour.  His subsequent career, however, varied with the political climate.  For example, initial plaudits for his second opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (1932) were followed by outright condemnation from Joseph Stalin, Russia’s ideological leader (as in iron fist and "purges") for 29 years from 1924. 

The Fifth Symphony (1937) was Shostakovich’s response, subtitled by him as a ‘Soviet artist’s reply to just criticism,’ and brought partial rehabilitation.  In contrast, the Seventh Symphony (Leningrad) performed during World War 2’s German siege of the city offered a propaganda coup to Russia.  

His Ninth Symphony (1945), however, was condemned as “wholly frivolous, an underwhelming reaction to Russia’s role in defeating Naziism at the end of the War (3).”  Post-war saw Stalinist purges (4) targeted music composers from 1948.  Shostakovich is said to have “retreated” to film music and to composing “bottom drawer” (hidden from the Communist authorities) works.  Following Stalin’s death in 1953, the 47 year old Shostakovich is said to have enjoyed relative freedom (5).  The latter comment, however, ignores his being compelled to join the Communist Party in 1960.  

The BBC magazine article summarises his struggles with political oppression as they “made his life story one of the most fascinating and turbulent in the annals of classical music.

Novelists’ perspectives

Apart from the eloquence of his music, the most realistic re-imagining of the controlling atmosphere within which Shostakovich had to work is expressed by award-winning novelists.  One art form, literature, inspired by another, music.  There can be no other composer whose factual circumstances have been well researched to create the historic background realistically.  Two experienced authors eloquently describe the era's confines, by-the-by providing further evidence of Shostakovich’s 20th century status. 

 

Sarah Quigley’s “The Conductor”  focuses on the Nazi siege of Leningrad.  The composer’s publicly-lauded opera Lady Macbeth (6) had been condemned in Pravda as “muddle instead of music” and as a “pornographic insult to the Soviet people.”  The composer was ominously warned that unless he changed his ways “things could end very badly” for him.  

In 1941, Shostakovich began work on his Seventh Symphony.  This was just after the start of the Nazi siege of his home city.  Using language reminiscent of the Middle East today, Hitler declared that “St Petersburg must be erased from the face of the earth.”  

Shostakovich is a central character in Quigley’s novel, remaining in the city to begin the Symphony.  He finalised three of its five movements before his evacuation to Moscow.  “Too important to the Russians to remain unsilenced and too well-known in the west to be killed.”  The author places the reader as an eye witness to the graphically portrayed bleakest of Russian winters, with citizens (including orchestral musicians) facing death from shelling and starvation.  The siege lasted 900 days and 1.5 million people died.  

What an epochal context for musical composition.  On 9 August 1942, “the day after Russia shelled the Germans into silence, the city heard the symphony for the first time – and wept (7),” to quote the novel’s mindful words.  Its reviewer succinctly opines that the novel “conveys the extraordinary life-saving properties of music and hope.”  

The BBC magazine article reminds us that the composer himself described this work as “a requiem for the city that Stalin destroyed and that Hitler merely finished (8).” 

Musically and artistically, the Leningrad Symphony stands proud.  Lasting almost 80 minutes it is Shostakovich’s longest.  The music’s cadence and power conveys his exasperation at his citizens’ plight.  We sense his anguish and pain.  The allegretto invasion march (repeated 12 times) controversially references Lehar’s operetta “The Merry Widow” which, we learned in class, was a favourite piece of Hitler.  And the composer underscored its proud standing by asking for an orchestra of eight horns, six trombones, two harps, a piano, three side drums and a full percussion set. 

The UK Booker-prize winner Julian Barnes has likewise, but from different angles, captured the stifling reality which Shostakovich had to endure in Stalinist Russia.  In his book “The Noise of Time” the reader visits the composer during three key moments (9). 


One is of him waiting to be taken away after Pravda denounced his Lady Macbeth because “it tickled the perverted taste of the bourgeois with its fidgety neurotic music;” the next moment is after his successful Seventh Symphony (which restored his reputation with Stalin), as Shostakovich denounces his own and Stravinsky’s work when on a propaganda tour of the USA; and the third one sees a wiser post-Stailin Shostakovich embittered again after been forced by Nikita Khruschev to join the Communist Party and become chair of the Russian Federation Union of Composers.  

The review praises Barnes’s novel as “a condensed masterpiece that traces the lifelong battle of one man’s art with the insupportable exigencies of totalitarianism.”

The composer's music in live performances

It is one thing to appreciate music, the era and composers by listening to recordings at home or on radio.  A standout experience was a performance of Shostakovich’s work live here in Northern Ireland.  The maestro Valerii Gergiev brought and conducted Mariinsky Orchestra in a bravura performance of the composer’s Eleventh Symphony in the Ulster Hall in October 2017.  To witness it played here by the Saint Petersburg ensemble on the Revolution’s centenary was a privilege, a huge cultural compliment to our city. 

 

Shostakovich composed the symphony in 1957.  This was four years after Stalin’s death.  To quote the programme notes’ first sentence, it was written “to mark the fortieth anniversary of the October Revolution (10).”  It commemorates the events that led up to the first Russian Revolution, particularly the 1905 Bloody Sunday.  

Two pages of historic photographs with details of 1905’s and 1917’s events were included in the Belfast programme, providing visual and verbal insights to the period, the music, and the composer. The narrative interweaves the music with Russian history. 

 

The programme notes explained that whereas the régime “praised it as a fine example of  Socialist Realism and awarded the composer a Lenin Prize, many Western critics damned it as glorified film music.”  It adds that “in the years since, this symphony has come to be considered not as an official work written to satisfy the Soviet authorities but a deeply moving reflection on Russian history.”  D’accord.

Consider his popular Chamber Symphony for Strings in E Minor, opus 110A.  I heard it recently performed live by the 12-piece United Strings of Europe broadcast on BBC radio (11).  One thinks of the aphorism “if you can’t beat them, join them” as Shostakovich had joined the Communist Party in 1960.  Critics, according to the broadcaster, regarded the work as his response to joining the Party involuntarily; whereas he himself regarded the work as his own epitaph “as no one else would write one.”  

Radio 3 adds that it contains personal references including to other works such as the Lady Macbeth opera.  Another musicologist convincingly says that “the memory of Stalin’s terror… is poured into this penetrating autobiographical work. The DSCH leitmotif (the composer’s personal musical signature) permeates as Shostakovich cites themes from the first, fifth, seventh, eighth, and tenth Symphonies (12).”  

The composer’s heartbreaking words attached to the score are “In memory of the victims of fascism and war.”

Epilogue

The devastating effects on Russia itself of Stalin's post-war purges merit emphasis.  

Whereas his régime admitted that seven million had died in "the Great Patriotic War" with the Nazis between 1941-45, the fact is that régime's purges included "attacking its own citizens, executing, incarcerating and exiling those it viewed as hostile (13)."  

Following his death in 1953, Stalin's successor Nikita Kruschev revealed a much higher death figure of twenty million.  And the subsequent opening of State archives by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev enabled historians to declare revised total figures of 26.6 million deaths, comprising of twelve million military and 14.6 million civilians.  Slaughter is understatement.

                                                     ---------------------------

Considering Shostakovich's “lifelong battle with totalitarianism (14),” this observer considers his versatility and unquenchable zest for musical expression in the face of creativity being denied to be his most impressive compositional characteristics.  Miraculous doesn't sound outrageous.

For example, the listener is captivated, on the one hand, by the sheer orchestral power of the 7th Symphony whose “enormous first movement” includes the striking militaristic 356 bar “invasion theme (15),” repeated in the fifth movement with energetic percussive power to reach an emotionally rousing conclusion.  

On the other hand, the contrast with his piano concerto number 2 is striking. Composed in 1957 for his then 19 year old son and pianist Maxim, this work is described as an “irresistible charmer replete with delightfully sardonic five-finger exercises and a magical distillation of Rachmaninov for its slow movement (16).”  High and worthy praise.  

Shostakovich’s biographer Dmitri Rabinovich is quoted as saying that the second concerto showed that it was as though “the composer's youth had returned to him.”  A living testimonial to one of the 20th century’s and Russia's great composers and survivors.

                                                    ---------------------------------------

Back to the now, as in this final week of March 2025 the Norwegian pianist Leif Ove Andsnes began a concert tour of the USA, reservations apparent in his thoughts.  He expressed concern "that the current US leadership is apparently turning its back on longtime friends in Europe and around the world."   He adds, and I end with his quotation -

"Music cannot solve global problems, but it can inspire some of the emotions we so badly need right now; compassion, empathy, generosity, understanding, and an appreciation of diversity." 

 

Related articles:-

1. https://michaelmcsorleycurrent.blogspot.com/2024/11/leader-of-free-world.html  (Nov 5 2024 election mandate etc)

2. https://michaelmcsorleyeconomy.blogspot.com/2025/01/contrasting-fortunes.html (re Climate, Greenland & tariffs)

 

© Michael McSorley 2025

References:-

1.  Erik Levi & Steve Wright BBC Music Magazine 25 Sept 2024 Shostakovich: Russia’s voice of the oppressed who walked a tightrope between artistic sincerity and political survival

2  Alec Macdonald QUB School of Open Learning Shostakovich course handouts(Jan 2025)

3.  Ibid Erik Levi & Steve Wright BBC Music Magazine 25 Sept 2024

4.  https://www.france24.com/en/20200622-stalin-purges-added-to-vast-human-cost-of-wwii

5.  David Ashman sleeve notes Shostakovich Symphony no.1 and Piano Concertos 1&2 2003 www.emi-encore.com

6.  Described by tutor AMacdonald in class 4 as “one of the 20th century’s most important operas”

7.  The Observer NewReview 15 July 2012 The Symphony that silenced the Nazis, Bella Bathurst

8.  Ibid Erik Levi & Steve Wright BBC Music Magazine 25 Sept 2024

9.  The Observer NewReview 17 January 2016  Review by Alex Preston of “The Noise of Time” 2015, Julian Barnes 

10. Andrew Huth Belfast International ArtsFestival concert programme notes 11 Oct 2017 https://belfastinternationalartsfestival.com/event/mariinsky-orchestra/

11. BBC Radio 3  Classical Live 17 Feb 2025 Wigmore Hall United Strings of Europe

12. https://sofiaphilharmonic.com/en/works/dmitri-shostakovich-chamber-symphony-for-strings-in-c-minor-op-110a/

13. Ibid https://www.france24.com/en/20200622-stalin-purges-added-to-vast-human-cost-of-wwii

14. The Observer NewReview 17 January 2016 Alex Preston review “The Noise of Time” Julian Barnes

15. Sleevenotes Mariinsky Orchestra 2012 recording Shostakovich Symphony no.7, Valery Gergiev

16. Sleevenotes London Philharmonic Orchestra recording Shostakovich Piano Concerto no. 2, 2003. Pianist Mikhail Rudy, Conductor Mariss Jansons

 



Sunday, 2 April 2023

Sergei Rachmaninoff: a Russian Romantic

 Introduction

For many people Sergei Rachmaninov is the genius responsible for creating the most mellifluous music ever written by a human being. So what better way to mark the 150th anniversary of this Romantic's birth than to consider his music’s distinctive Russian essences.  

 


The anniversary is being marked by music lovers world-wide with special live concerts and events. For example, on 28 January in New York's Carnegie Hall, where the composer himself played and conducted, the virtuosic Chinese pianist Yuja Wang made the running in "an all-afternoon marathon" devoted exclusively to Rachmaninoff. Supported by the Philadelphia Orchestra, with which the pianist/composer himself played and recorded, this time under the baton of maestro Yannick Nézet-Séguin she played not one or two but all four of his concertos as well as his Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini. The concert lasted for three and a half hours (including two intermissions to take a breath and refuel).

 

Back in the UK, BBC Radio 3 nominated Rachmaninoff as its composer of the week to coincide with his birthday in the final week of March. One of many events on home ground was a live performance of his choral masterpiece the Vsenoshchnoe Bdenie or All Night Vigil, sometimes referred to as the Vespers. It was performed on consecutive nights by Chamber Choir Ireland and conducted by Paul Hillier in two liturgical settings, Clonard Monastery Belfast and Christ Church Cathedral Dublin.

 


And various academic institutions, including Queen's University in Belfast, have presented courses like the one I attended explaining the life and times of the great multi-tasker, composer pianist and conductor. 

 

Let’s begin by reflecting on the aspects of Sergei Rachmaninoff’s music that contribute to its particularly Russian qualities.   His prime influences include family, education, and the Orthodox Church. 


Family, education, geography, history, culture, Orthodox Christianity


Like his forebears, Rachmaninoff was steeped in Russian culture from the start.  Depending on whether the Julian or Gregorian calendar is used, he was born on 20 March or 2 April 1873 at one of his family’s estates in Semyonovo. This sits in the Staraya Russa region, some 260 miles east of Moscow. He belonged, in effect, to a family of “the privileged minority.” 

This was a time of revolutionary activity with the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881; an era coinciding with emancipation of serfs.  Russia’s Empire had grown over the previous couple of centuries sprawling from the Black Sea all the way to the Pacific Ocean in the far east by the end of the19th century. 


Rachmaninoff’s birthplace in north-western Russia was close to Novgorod, originally (like several places in Ireland) a Viking settlement, “near enough to catch the echoes of its old bells.” This quotation articulates the composer’s recall years later of “dear childhood memories” when his maternal grandmother Sophia Butakova took him to Novgorod’s Orthodox Cathedral of St Sophia with its 16th century white stone bell-tower. 


Musicianship was in the Rachmaninoff family genes.  Sergei’s great-grandfather Alexander Gerasimovich was a competent violinist.  Alexander’s son, Arkady, was a pianist taught by John Field.  This Irish virtuoso had studied with Mikhail Glinka, Russia’s first important composer.  Field, who is buried in Moscow, is remembered as the originator of the piano nocturne, a form later made famous by Chopin whose music Sergei Rachmaninoff himself played as a student, as well as in middle and later life.  


Sergei’s grandfather Arkady got up early every morning to practise piano for four to five hours.  Likewise Arkady’s son Vassily, Sergei’s father, played piano.  Sergei often programmed a piece based on a theme he recalled from his father’s playing.  My QUB tutor advises that the piece was Polka de V(orW)R. Its composer was Franz Behr rather than Vassily Rachmaninoff as Sergei may have thought.

The biographer Scott says that it was Sergei’s mother who introduced him to music when she sat him, aged four, at a piano.  Scott adds that her role resulted in the engagement of Anna Ornatskaya from St Petersburg Conservatoire as his first piano teacher.  Interesting to observe Russian quality and seminal family influence combining from the beginning.


His subsequent musical education was delivered in Russia’s most prestigious places of learning.  Aged nine, he was enrolled in the junior section of the St Petersburg Conservatoire; later transferring to Moscow’s Conservatoire under the tutelage of, among others, Russian maestro Nikolai Zverev.  That latter part of his musical education led him to encounter Romantic composer and compatriot PyotrTchaikovsky (1840-1893) whom he idolised - and a mutual respect resulted.


Russian music qualities in piano compositions


Early illustrations of composition by Rachmaninoff when still a student contain aspects which attest to their Russian quality.  His Russian Rhapsody for two pianos in E Minor, written improvisationally in 1891 aged 18, derives from an unspecified Slavic folk-song.  It tears along for nine rhapsodic minutes, a set of variations on the folk theme, in an enthusiastic and competitive pianistic tussle.


Soon after this, he composed five Morceaux de Fantaisie of which the Prelude in C sharp minor commanded instant attention.  It remains today as a platform favourite. Sometimes called “The Bells of Moscow,” the notable Russian essence is its mindful resonances of Orthodox church bells.  It is a 62-bar stand-alone piece in three sections, with the outer two being "lento" and the contrasting central part being "agitato."  To say that small is beautiful understates the Prelude's magnificent impact on the senses. The composer's inspiration was taken from his own dream of bells, heard in the A section, achingly tolling at a funeral service.


These same bells recur after a 3-year period of “paralysing apathy” caused by the disastrous premiere of his Symphony number 1 in 1897.  In a watershed change in style and mood,  Rachmaninoff deserted “the lively style of the Russian nationalist school” reverting in his Piano Concerto number 2 to reflect the strains of the old Orthodox Russia resonant since his childhood (more under literary influences below).  

This concerto's first movement, for instance, with its literally striking piano opening recalls St Sophia’s Cathedral campanology; as does its subsequent Orthodox plainchant melody played by the orchestra.  The second movement reuses the opening bars of his 1891 Romance for his Skalon sister relatives at the Ivanovka country estate.

 

His piano concertos numbers 3 and 4 continued with the sumptuous Russian idioms sweeping listeners along expansively as if (in my ears) to mirror the geographical expanse of Russia itself.  These works have captured hearts such that the third concerto received the Hollywood treatment and recognition.  Topical in March given the Oscars, Geoffrey Rush won best actor gong for portrayal of pianist David Helfgott in the 1996 film “Shine.”

The fourth piano concerto, as we learned in class, exemplifies Rachmaninoff's compositional technique where the score alternates between major and his beloved minor keys, seamless shifting of the musical mood between happy and sad.


The influence of Orthodox ceremonial bells appears again in other Rachmaninoff compositions, such as and including his 1913 piano sonata number 2 opus 36.


Russian music qualities in choral compositions


One of Rachmaninoff’s favourite compositions was his Bells Symphony, also written in 1913 when he was 40 years old. The four-movement piece’s Russian qualities stem from two parallels between Rachmaninoff and his mentor at the Moscow Conservatoire, Tchaikovsky.  It was explained in my QUB course that the Symphony’s first movement reflects sleigh bells; wedding bells are prominent in the second; alarm bells are heard in the third; with the tolling of funeral bells in the final movement.  One parallel is that Rachmaninoff’s Bells Symphony (1913) and Tchaikovsky’s Pathétique (his sixth) mirror a picture of Russian life from birth to death, with both having slow finales which eke out sadness.  


The other parallel is that Rachmaninoff wrote the Bells at the same composition desk in Rome that Tchaikovsky had used.  His family were lodging in Modest (Pyotr’s brother) Tchaikovsky’s flat in Rome.  Another example of Russian mentor’s musicianship combining with family, inspiring Sergei to produce high quality music.


Rachmaninoff’s other favourite from his own work is said to have been the All Night Vigil.  Written in less than two weeks in early 1915 it is another work brimming with Russian qualities.  

The first six of its fifteen movements set texts from the Russian Orthodox All Night Vigil ceremony, its canonical hour of Vespers.  So personal was it to Rachmaninoff that he asked for the fifth, Nunc Dimittis (meaning “release now”) to be sung at his own funeral.  And as if to emphasise Russian quality, he based ten of the sections on chant to comply with the Orthodox Church’s requirements. 


Rachmaninoff’s Vespers culminate from two decades of interest in Russian sacred music.  This interest had been initiated by Tchaikovsky’s own setting of the All Night Vigil.  The biographer Max Harrison argues that whereas both composers make extensive use of traditional Russian chants, Rachmaninoff’s is more complex in its use of harmony, textual variety and polyphony.  Harrison quotes Rachmaninoff’s Vespers being praised as “the greatest musical achievement of the Russian Orthodox Church.”

 

I concur.  The Vespers was performed in Omagh’s Sacred Heart Church by the Chorus of the Mariinsky Theatre under the baton of maestro Valery Gergiev on a hot summer’s day in 2000.  Recorded by BBC Radio, it was presented as St Petersburg’s sincere condolences to the victims of the 1998 bombing.  

In class we learned about Rachmaninoff’s use of the low B flat.  For me, this was the Mariinsky performance’s stand-out choral feature.  The unique power and mesmerising beauty of Mariinsky’s bassi profundi voices is a truly Russian art-form, the privilege of a lifetime witnessed live.

 

Chamber Choir Ireland observe that whereas the All Night Vigil "went largely unheard until the 1960's due to Bolshevik suppression of religious music, it has since earned its rightful place in the repertory next to his symphonies concertos and piano works." I must add that CCI's recent rendition at Clonard Monastery was majestically celestial, right up there with the very best, hitting all the notes with aplomb, not least those of the deep deep basses.

 

Chamber Choir Ireland sing Rachmaninoff's All Night Vigil at Clonard Monastery Belfast on 31 March 2023


Russian literary influences


Apart from the influence of composers like his compatriot Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff's works also took inspiration from giants of Russian literature.  An early example is the first of his three one-act operas, written in 1892, Aleko based on a 569-line poem The Gypsies by the Romantic Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837).

 

Aleko’s theme is a jealousy-based crime of passion (nothing exclusively Russian there).  In Pushkin’s day, however, during Nicholas I’s régime gypsy orchestras had special allure.  Zverev used to take his students, Rachmaninoff included, to fashionable restaurants to hear gypsies play friskas on their cimbaloms.  


Aleko’s quality ensured that Rachmaninoff passed his Conservatoire finals with flying colours, a Grand Gold Medal, marking a successful end to his student days.  The work was highly admired by both Zverev and by Tchaikovsky.

 

The other two operas by Rachmaninoff were The Miserly Knight and Francesca Da Rimini, both written in 1904. 


Another Rachmaninoff composition was based on the poem “Along the Way” by his contemporary Anton Chekhov (1860-1904, famous for his short stories and for plays like Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard).  Rachmaninoff based his composition The Crag on Chekhov’s poem.  According to Bertensson, it is set on Christmas Eve in a roadside inn, featuring an encounter between an old man/giant crag and a young lady, all travellers in a waiting room, but travelling in opposite directions - like a tale of unrequited ardour, as are the best love songs.


Orthodox liturgy combines with another Russian literary giant to influence a different work by Rachmaninoff.  Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) is referenced, enigmatically at least, at the end of the score in Symphony number 1 in D Minor.  “Vengeance is mine I will repay” is the same biblical quotation inscribed in the novelist’s 1878 masterpiece Anna Karenina.  

The adverse reaction from Russia’s music establishment to the first symphony’s disastrous 1897 premiere led Rachmaninoff, as we heard above, into a period of “paralysing apathy” - three years of abstinence from composing; and, as if that wasn't punishment enough, it also led to the work’s full quality remaining unrecognised for 70 years.


The October Revolution 1917

 

All I know is that after working on postponed revisions to his first piano concerto as the Revolution convulsed outside, Rachmaninoff decided on October 25 to leave Russia. Biographer Scott writes that circumstances were scarcely conducive to beginning new compositions; after which, fortuitously, he was invited to tour Scandanavia. Scott adds with pathos that "the family's revolution-disrupted exit meant travelling north through Finland in a peasant sledge to reach the Swedish frontier."

 

A Belfast-based Russian lady piano teacher recently told me that Rachmaninoff’s compositional muse declined after he fled to America.  If the indignant lady is correct, I wonder how he could have composed gorgeous works like the piano concerto number 4, the Corelli Variations, and other works like the Rhapsody on a theme by Paganini. Could Rachmaninoff's compositions in his final 25 years of exile in America and in Europe exhibit American or non-Russian qualities? 

 

The premiere in 1936 of his Symphony number three performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra was dubbed, according to our QUB tutor, by one American critic at the time as "Rachmaninoff's Russian Symphony." In similar vein, an expert commentator on BBC Radio 3's Rachmaninoff anniversary week (01 04 2023) opined that his 1940 composition, the beautiful and boistrous Symphonic Dances, illustrate his nostalgia for Russia.  In class we learned that the Dances symphony represents a meeting of the young and older composer using Russian musical idioms alongside brassy traces of American jazz.

 

It's well known that Rachmaninoff's celebrity preceeded him, so much so that the words "punishing" and "touring schedule" with performances across Europe and the USA are likely to have reduced compositional time. So even if the Russian Romantic composed a smaller quantity of music while in exile, its quality adhered to the highest standards evoking even greater international appreciation and recognition all these years later.  


 

©Michael McSorley 2023


Bibliography

  1. Encyclopoedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/From-Alexander-II-to-Nicholas-II

  2. https://www.history.com/news/vikings-in-russia-kiev-rus-varangians-prince-oleg 

  3. Pushkin The Gypsies https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Sergeyevich-Pushkin#ref202053

  4. Friska, Hungarian - Oxford English Dictionary - a fast section in the music of folk-dance or in music of this style

  5. Rachmaninoff Michael Scott (2008)

  6. Sergei Rachmaninoff: a Lifetime in Music Sergei Bertensson and Jay Leyda (1956)

  7. MariinskyOrchestra, notes by Daniel Jaffé, CD by Denis Matsuev, conductor Valery Gergiev Piano Concerto no.2

  8. Rachmaninoff; Life Works Recordings Max Harrison (2006)